Oxidative stress up-regulates colonic tissue non-specific AP and neutrophils infiltrating colonic tissues also express the TNAP isoform. Thus, colonic tissue inflammation was equally low on both treatments groups in the present study. By Fenofibrate contrast, we found colonic digesta AP activity concentration to be much higher in adult ATB offspring compared to controls. Colonic AP activity may reasonably come from undigested AP enzyme from the small intestine as it is an enterocyte-secreted enzyme protein resisting partially intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation. In the small intestine, we observed treatment differences in jejunal tissue AP activity concentrations, but this was surprisingly not reflected in ileal digesta AP activity concentrations. As quantitative digesta flows were not measured here, we can only suggest that colonic microbiota proteolytic activity towards AP enzyme may have been probably higher in adult ATB offspring than in controls. The actual reasons for this are presently unknown. Globally, pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. According to recent estimates, lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, are the fourth most common cause of death, and 1.9 million adults aged 15 years die from lower respiratory infections every year. Studies have shown that the risks of pneumonia and pneumonia-related death increase with age and are highest among the elderly, indicating that the pneumonia burden is growing in this era of global population aging. Japan is the most aged society in the world; 25% of the Japanese population was aged 65 years in 2013. FIN 56 Although Japanese people have universal access to high-quality medical care as a virtue of universal health insurance coverage, an increasing number of elderly people are suffering from pneumonia; the disease is now ranked as the third cause of death in the country. Elucidating the true burden and etiologic fractions is crucial for effective disease control programs; however, the epidemiology of pneumonia remains largely unknown in Japan. Adult pneumonia has a multi-factorial etiology. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of adult community-acquired pneumonia throughout the world, but it has been declining in high-income countries as a result of the wide use of antibiotics and the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines. Meanwhile, non-pneumococcal pneumonia, particularly among elderly people, is gaining attention. Aspiration is considered a major cause of pneumonia in the elderly. The spread of drug-resistant strains is an emerging problem; the risk of drug-resistant pneumonia is particularly high in cases of health care-associated pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia.