Secondly, we need to exert caution when interpreting the effect of MCP on galectin-3 levels as these measurements do not account for the bioavailability of the lectin which may be altered. Nevertheless, this study does identify a new potential therapy for acute kidney injury and further experiments are warranted to examine effects of different doses of MCP, timing of treatment and roles in other renal diseases. Sleep disordered breathing is relatively common and, if left untreated, may lead to a substantial cascade of complex endocrine derangements that affect longitudinal growth, sleep, energy metabolism, and behavior. Upper airway obstruction by tracheal narrowing in rats leads to adaptive changes in the respiratory system, including large swings in pleural TC-A 2317 hydrochloride pressure and respiratory muscle contractility. These adaptive changes are essential for proper ventilation maintenance especially during sleep, which ultimately leads to inadequate sleep and energy metabolism abnormalities during UAO in rats. However, traditional sleep SN 2 scoring reveals little information about sleep-wake dynamics and respiratory effort-related sleep fragmentation during UAO in an animal model without evidence for frank apneas or hypopneas or abnormal gas exchange values. Traditional sleep scoring reveals little information about the process of transitioning between vigilance-states, as cortical activity and behavior can change quite rapidly in rodents. Also, conventional scoring simply identifies discrete states, so it can overlook important variations within states, such as the distinctions between light and deep slow wave sleep, or often excludes or dilutes events through averaging. The previous application of state space techniques of sleep recordings used local field potential data, but the variability in these signals prevented comparisons between animals. Recently SST was developed to enable inter-animal comparisons of electroencephalography dynamics of sleep/wake behavior. The effect of UAO in rats on EEG dynamics of vigilance-states using SST was not explored. We hypothesized that increased respiratory efforts during UAO, in the absence of frank obstructive apneas or hypopneas, will lead to sleep/wake instability. In the present study we explored the effect of UAO on sleep state stability by using the SST at baseline and following stimulation of sleep depth with ritanserin.