A more recent study demonstrates that geminivirus expression can affect the expression of over 5,000 genes. The BCTV/BSCTV interaction with Arabidopsis provides an excellent system to study this reprogramming since in this case, viral infection leads to the induction of the cell cycle and aberrant cell divisions. How BCTV/BSCTV infection results in aberrant cell division is not clear,Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA-Free) however it is likely that it requires the activation of specific genes in infected cells. RKP, a putative RING finger E3 ligase protein with homology to the human cell cycle regulator KPC1 has been shown to be induced by the BSCTV symptom determinant C4. The BCTV and BSCTV C4 proteins have been shown to interact with Arabidopsis shaggy-related protein kinases and the AL1 protein interacts with the kinases GRIK1 and GRK2, suggesting that effects on key signal transduction pathways may be important in symptom development. Similarly, the BCTV and Spinach curly top virus C2 proteins and the Rituximab TGMV AL2 protein interact with Arabidopsis AKIN11, a SNF1-related kinase, and adenosine kinase 2. Interactions have also been identified that appear to affect hormonal regulation of plant cell division and development. The Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus bC1 protein has been shown to interact with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 and to partially suppress JAcontrolled responses. The TGMV AL2 and SCTV C2 proteins have recently been shown to induce cytokinin-responsive genes ; this may be a result of the previously described interaction with ADK2. This is consistent with other studies showing that geminivirus-induced symptoms may involve changes in hormone signaling. Our current study demonstrates that the ATHB7 and ATHB12 homeobox genes that are known to be regulated by ABA and water stress are induced in Arabidopsis by BSCTV infection. The induction of these homeobox genes was correlated with the induction of aberrant cell division and the development of severe symptoms such as leaf curling, stunting, and formation of callus-like structures. Many plant homeobox genes are related to hormonal signaling and alteration of hormonal balance is a well known feature of a number of plant-pathogen interactions.