The incidence of brown adipose tissue in young horses and its persistence in adult horses, to our knowledge, have not been reported. Positive selection for genomic regions containing genes such as ADHFE1 that preferentially functions in highly metabolic tissues including brown adipose tissue, as well as two of the key determinants of brown fat cell fate, BMP7 and RB1, and their receptors and signalling molecules, raises the intriguing question of The presence of genes for a-actinin, a-actin and its chaperon,
CCT, and four of the six sarcoglycan complex genes as well as Selumetinib an
overrepresentation of focal adhesion complex genes in positively
selected regions in Thoroughbred suggest that selection for muscle
strength phenotypes has played a major role in shaping the
Thoroughbred. A better understanding of the role that these genes
play in the strength and integrity of muscle may contribute to
improved knowledge of mechanical sensing and load transmission
 and may impact treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in
humans. whether Thoroughbred skeletal muscle retains brown fat-like Understanding genes selected for exercise-related phenotypes has NVP-BEZ235 potential to impact human medicine in other areas. One of the most notable findings was that positively selected genomic regions in Thoroughbred horses are enriched for insulin-signalling and lipid metabolism genes. There is a growing concern about the rapidly increasing incidence of obesity and its pathological consequences in the development of type 2 diabetes among human populations in the developed world. Insulin is responsible for glucose homeostasis and insulin-resistance is a key feature of T2DM. In obese individuals, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and responsiveness to insulin are impaired. Therefore, identifying and understanding the molecular functions of genes responsible for the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity holds great promise for the development of pharmaceutical interventions for obesity and diabetes related health problems. In humans, exercise training is a common intervention to combat obesity because physical exercise stimulates skeletal muscle insulin activity and glucose transport and the utilisation of free fatty acids as an energy substrate while promoting oxidative capacity by increasing mitochondrial mass and enhancing the development of oxidative muscle fibres.