For example, in MAC-T cells it was estimated that acasein and e-casein secretion was 50 ng of a-casein/mL of medium/24 h. MAC-T cells normally produce casein at levels comparable to those of BME-UV cells. Similarly, clonal and parental lines of MAC-T cells all produced b-casein but production by clonal cells was much lower and averaged 0.1 to 0.3 mg/mL per 24 h. Our results that b-casein protein detected in Trioxsalen epithelial cells cultured in induction medium also identified the function of CMBCs. This result was as the same as that of mRNA test. So we suggested that bioactive factors in induction media were potential contributor to milk-protein synthesis. This study demonstrated the establishment of a functional bovine mammary epithelial cell line from Chinese Holstein cattle, which exhibited normal extracellular matrix and was physiologically-responsive to hormones. This cell culture model can be applied in future investigations of lactation in this breed of cattle or in comparative studies of mammary function across cattle breeds. There is increasing nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement. In 2000 the use of nonprescription use of methylphenidate hydrochloride in adolescents and young adults was 1.2% and the rate increased to 2% in 2006. The rate of lifetime use of these drugs is reported to be 1.5%. Another report found that approximately 25% of colleges surveyed had a prevalence rate of 10% or higher for the nonmedical use of prescription opioids the prior year. The use of prescription drugs for neuroenhancement has led Duke University to introduce a policy that does not allow for the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, such as Adderall for academic purposes. Duke University will treat such use as cheating. One consequence is that with such policies in place students may turn to other drugs that claim to be cognitive enhancers. Indeed, a quick search of the search word ����Nootropic���� will result in over 25,000 articles in the PubMed database. Even though the purpose of many of these drugs is to treat neurological disorders, some are being investigated for their use as a cognitive Monastrol enhancer in healthy individuals.