In addition, previous investigations have found associations between CD4 responses to HAART with HBV viral suppression and possibly HBV seroconversion. However, the conclusions from these studies regarding the impact of HAART upon improvement of HBV serologic markers were limited because few Liensinine individuals cleared HBsAg and most were receiving HAART. Because of these limitations, better understanding of the determinants of HBV serologic outcome may suggest possible improvements in the care of those with chronic HBV/HIV co-infection, such as the addition of HAART to anti-HBV therapy. Therefore, to inform future HBV prevention and treatment strategies we Onjisaponin-B sought to evaluate the associations between the risk of CHBV and the timing of HBV infection relative to HIV diagnosis, CD4 cell count at the time of HBV diagnosis, and HAART use preceding HBV diagnosis. We hypothesized that such factors, reflective of anti-HBV immunity at the time of HBV infection or diagnosis, would be associated with the subsequent risk of developing chronic compared to resolved HBV infection in co-infected individuals. Our investigation regarding factors associated with HBV serologic outcome in HIV-infected adults both confirms and expands upon previous findings. While the majority of all HBV infections in our study were resolved, over one quarter of HBV/ HIV co-infected participants had some form of unresolved infection. Furthermore, approximately 20% of HBV infections occurring after HIV diagnosis were chronic regardless of CD4 cell count at the time of HBV diagnosis. These observations emphasize the importance of HBV prevention for all patients with HIV, including those with high CD4 cell counts. Our findings also highlight the association between functional immune status at the time of HBV infection and subsequent HBV serologic outcome, and suggest that improved functional anti-HBV immunity through maintenance of higher CD4 cell counts and increased use of HAART would likely improve serologic HBV outcomes in HIVinfected individuals.From a simplified perspective the immune response to HBV infection occurs in two phases: phase one, the response to acute HBV exposure, and phase two, the response required to maintain immunologic control of HBV within hepatocytes indefinitely.