The latter two parameters (3 and 4) Niltubacin Abmole Activated transcription factor-3 in association with histone deacetylase-6 negatively regulates miR-199a2 transcription by chromatin remodeling and reduces endothelin-1 expression characterize the extent to which the cells migrate in a straight line toward the cathode; a value of 1 for both directedness and tortuosity indicate a perfect straight-line migration parallel to, and in the direction of, the positive X-axis. In experiments where the direction of the dcEF was reversed, cells were deemed to have switched direction once their centroid exhibited a displacement in the direction of the new cathode for a minimum of two consecutive frames. All values are presented as group means 6 S.E.M. Unless otherwise specified, differences between group means were determined using one-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were performed to determine if there was an interaction effect between the state of the dcEF and the differentiation state of the cells on the migratory behaviour of the cells. In all cases, statistical significance was set at p,0.05. We determined the pattern of migration that the NPCs exhibit in the presence or absence of an applied external dcEF. Neurospheres were plated into Matrigel-coated galvanotaxis chambers in growth factor conditions (EFG, FGF and heparin) to maintain the NPCs in an U0126 Abmole Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits the differentiation of pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells through the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases undifferentiated state for the duration of plating and imaging. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the presence of nestin + cells, verifying that the cells remained undifferentiated following 20 hours of culture on the chambers (Figure 1A). Neurosphere cells that adhered and dissociated in the chambers were analyzed for migration using time-lapse imaging for a period of 2.5-8 hours in either the absence or presence of a dcEF (250 mV/mm). Post-imaging immunostaining analysis revealed nestin expression was maintained in the NPCs regardless of the presence or absence of a dcEF when maintained under growth factor conditions (Figure 1A and 1B). In the absence of a dcEF, mean cell body displacement over 2.5 hours in the direction of the cathode was 5.7261.63 mm vs. 157.35622.11 mm in the presence of a dcEF (Figure 1C and Figure S2).