As CD68 is arranged in a dome-like pattern proximal to the basolateral and apical membranes, it may play a role in the targeting of transcytosing vesicles to the apical membrane where their contents are released. Typing of the abnormal vesicles seen in CD682/2osteoclasts to determine their origin is another way of exploring CD68��s role in osteoclast trafficking. Coupled with studies of lipid distribution, these studies should further illuminate CD68��s function in osteoclasts and the mechanism of osteoclast dysfunction in its absence. In our study, we have demonstrated the importance of CD68 expression in osteoclasts, and, in the process, produced a tool in the form of the CD68 knockout mouse for examining not only the contribution of CD68 to normal skeletal physiology, but also for answering questions pertaining to CD68��s function in other tissues. Exploitation of CD68��s known properties have already been shown to have therapeutic value in preclinical studies of atherosclerosis, and future studies using CD682/2 mice and their cells will hopefully shed light on new therapeutic opportunities. The PF-04217903 Nodaviridae family of viruses contains two genera: betanodaviruses, which predominantly infect fish, and alpha-nodaviruses, which mostly infect insects . Beta-nodaviruses are the causative agents for viral nervous necrosis , an infectious neuropathological condition characterized by necrosis of the central nervous system, including the brain and retina. Clinical signs include abnormal LY294002 swimming behavior and darkening of the fish . VNN can cause massive dying off the larvae and juvenile populations of several marine teleost species , and the disease manifestations of these viruses may correlate with modulation of innate or acquired immunity . Furthermore, beta-nodaviruses may prove useful as a model for understanding RNA virus-mediated pathogenesis and disease. The nodavirus genome is comprised of two single-stranded molecules of positive polarity approximately 3.1 and 1.4 kb in length, respectively, and lacking a 39 poly extension . RNA1 encodes an <110-kDa nonstructural protein designated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or protein A. This protein is vital for replication of the viral genome. RNA2 encodes a 42-kDa capsid protein , which may induce postapoptotic necrotic cell death through a cytochrome c releasedependent pathway .