Bd LY294002 PI3K inhibitor infection is reported to be exacerbated by amphibian density, tadpole longevity, Bd density, Bd reservoirs, the presence of pesticides, the presence of heavy metals, drought, climate change, and normal climatic oscillations. Some amphibians, especially aquatic salamander species, African Clawed Frogs, and ranids such as Bullfrogs, Northern Leopard Frogs, and Rio Grande Leopard Frogs are suspected to be carriers of this disease. Across amphibian species, behavioral, natural history, and life history features are known to affect the course of Bd infection. Chytridiomycosis may be most fulminant in cool, highhumidity habitats such as cloud forests and splash zones around streams. Because Bd infects keratin-producing cells, it affects the skin of adult frogs by disrupting physiological functions such as electrolyte balance, and can be fatal. In tadpoles, however, where the skin has not yet developed keratin, Bd attacks only mouthparts and tadpoles can act as reservoirs for the disease. During metamorphosis, Bd can spread from tadpole mouthparts to the skin and kill juveniles. Variations in natural history and life history features of amphibians should produce different patterns, course, and effect of Bd infection. To fully comprehend this disease��that is, to observe and understand variations in its life history��it will be essential to understand how Bd affects amphibians across their remarkably diverse natural history and life history patterns. Crawfish Frogs are members of the Nenirana subgenus. The other members of this group are BMS-354825 Src-bcr-Abl inhibitor Gopher Frogs, Dusky Gopher Frogs, and Pickerel Frogs. Both Gopher Frog species use Gopher Tortoise burrows, stump holes, small mammal burrows, and other retreats as refuges; Crawfish Frogs obligately utilize crayfish burrows, therefore both Gopher Frogs and Crawfish Frogs rely on other animals to create upland retreats. Given this dependence, it is no surprise that all three species are imperiled: Dusky Gopher Frogs are listed as Federally Endangered, Gopher Frogs and Crawfish Frogs have experienced sharp declines in population numbers. In Indiana, where this study was conducted, Crawfish Frogs are State Endangered. Crawfish Frogs exhibit a notable life history/natural history pattern from the perspective of disease transmission and the broader issue of epidemiology. While Crawfish Frogs resemble most North American frogs in forming spring breeding aggregations in fishless seasonal and semipermanent wetlands, they are unique in that when not breeding they usually live singly, isolated from other Crawfish Frogs, in burrows dug by crayfish. Crawfish Frogs may occupy single burrows for long periods of time. Crayfish burrows are narrow bore but deep, extending to the water table perhaps a meter or more below the soil surface.