Harmonics ultrasound imaging afforded the ability to perform high resolution, live imaging of skin and skin-associated tissues with the added advantage of studying gated feeder vessels supplying the wound site. The technologies implemented in this work allowed the monitoring and assessment of a cutaneous wound in all three dimensions affording the opportunity to scale depth. Ultrasound based B-mode imaging along with elastography measured the changes in anatomical structure as discriminated by their acoustic properties. Previous attempts to estimate wound depth have been riddled with technical challenges LY2109761 primarily because of the approach utilized. The design of linear array probe taken together with the versatility of the post-processing software used in the current study provided reliable quantitation and visualization of the heterogenous wound tissue as a function of healing time. In the current experimental model of burn wounding, it took 6 weeks for the injured skin to approach baseline anatomical profile with clear presence of scar tissue. This observation is consistent with the established notion that scar tissue may take several months or years to remodel. Indeed, a tight match between the ultrasound and histological images validates the suitability of the 6.5 MHz probe in weighing out resolution versus field of view. This probe setting should be adjusted such that higher frequency may be preferred for smaller wounds. Images shown in the current work have been subjected to the handicap of low frequency probe to make sure that the findings are relevant to clinically presented wound sizes. In the skin, pathologies are commonly associated with changes in tissue stiffness. The ability to map elastic properties of the repairing skin enabled visualization of soft tissue growth within a week of injury. Commonly used for breast examination, this work provides first report on strain imaging and shear wave elastography of the healing wound. Measurement of the hysteresis of the load-position curve provided energy dissipation values and an invasive measurement of the elasticity of the tissue which indicated that the skin in the healing wound is more pliable or elastic at d14 compared to d42. However, even at d42, the elastic properties of the skin have not yet returned to normal skin values. Caution must be taken when comparing mechanical data from these different testing modalities, however, as they probe different volumes of the tissue and probe the tissue using different forces. Elastography also enabled the visualization and quantification of post-closure scar tissue. The results are in tight agreement with histological findings. During the first two weeks after injury, it is visible that the subcutaneous tissue is depressed by an expanding presence of granulation tissue which serves as the site of inflammation. One week thereafter, the granulation tissue shrinks making room for the subcutaneous tissue to return to its prior position. At the same time, appearance of the leading edge from both sides is evident. Upon closure in the 6th week after injury, the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissues re-position in a way that closely resembles but does not exactly match the baseline skin image. The cavitation noted on the closed wound represents the scar tissue as validated histologically. It is possible that this cavitation area in the wound might BMS-907351 represent a region where extracellular matrix remodeling is still occurring, therefore having lower collagen density. This is corroborated by the lower abundance of mature collagen fibers in d42 wounds compared to normal skin. This could compromise the biomechanical properties or elasticity of the wound, making it brittle and compromising its load bearing capacity.
Dose adjustment in patients with diabetes and chronic renal failure is thus necessary
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