Future in vitro studies on the impact of NRTIs on telomere maintenance in human cells should focus on primary human cells. Relevant cell types, such as human stem cells, would provide an ideal model for these experiments, but their maintenance in culture for extended periods of time may pose a significant challenge. In future studies, chemotherapeutic treatment combinations could be designed based on their current clinical usage to observe the extent of their synergistic effect on telomere length maintenance. To generate a more comprehensive pattern of NRTI activity across a spectrum of tissue types, a panel of human cells comprising different tissues and cell types could be used in a screen for telomerase inhibition. The advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy 15 years ago greatly reduced mortality and morbidity in HIVinfected individuals. Together with protease inhibitors, NRTI and NNRTI are first-line ARVs, the cornerstones of HAART. Once started, HAART is usually life-long. New data A 784168 indicate that increased HAART use among HIV-infected individuals has reduced HIV transmission rates, prompting a call for earlier induction and increased use of HAART in all HIV cases. Given our results, it is prudent to conduct longitudinal or prospective investigations of the effects of long-term HAART with NRTIs. With the global adoption of the westernized diet and increased consumption of fructose, both metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus reached epidemic proportions worldwide. A strong correlation exists between MetS and cardiovascular disease metabolic risk factors. This cluster includes elevated plasma glucose and blood pressure, atherogenic dyslipidemia, as well as central obesity. In general, MetS is characterized by a pro-oxidant/A 987306 proinflammatory status that predisposes patients to major cardiovascular events. Evidence exists that both hyperuricemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia are contributing factors in high blood pressure to augment insulin resistance. The main goal of the present work was to verify the potential anti-MetS property of GO targeting its modulatory role on the inflammatory and free radical processes involved in MetS using an insulin resistant rat model induced by fructose in drinking water. Since a previous in vitro study reported that GO activates several peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes, therefore, the aim of the present investigation was extended to validate the in vivo action of GO on the PPAR-�� transcriptional activity in the visceral adipose tissue of MetS rats. Moreover, thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, modulate specific facets of the MetS via enhanced transcriptional activation of PPAR-�� to mediate their antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.