Because CAVI measurements can be affected by short-term air pollution exposure, the beneficial health effects of lower levels of PM and other gaseous components might be attenuated by the relative higher O3 concentration in forest environment. There is a need to continuously monitor the concentration of O3 and the changes in different seasons. As for PM10 and PM2.5, the mean concentration in the outdoor urban environment was also higher than those in the forest environment. It is NGP 555 inhibitor commonly recognized that PM consists of soil dust, nanoparticles, industrial emissions, sea salts, smog particles, and combustion LOXO-101 sulfate particles from vehicle sources. Within the past 10 years we have proved that air pollution in the Taipei metropolis conferred short-term adverse cardiovascular effects, such as impaired heart rate variability, impaired coagulation markers, increased inflammation indices, oxidation stress, and increased aortic stiffness, in susceptible patients as well as in healthy subjects. Our recent study, echoing findings of studies in the US and Europe found that long-term residential air pollution may increase subclinical atherosclerosis indexed by carotid IMT. Furthermore, the current study confirms that a forest environment with less air pollution may benefit cardiovascular health in subclinical atherosclerosis. The concept of QOL complements the WHO definition of health as ����not only the absence of disease and infirmity but also the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being����. HRQOL is the primary concern of healthcare professionals and is becoming an important health outcome indicator. Therefore, patient��s self-reported outcomes are being increasingly emphasized in recent years and have become an integral component of several ongoing clinical trials. The Taiwanese version of WHOQOL-BREF has been demonstrated with good reliability and validity in Taiwan. In the present study, the FSM group was higher than the USM group in all four domain scores. In particular, the score of physical health of the FSM group was significantly higher than those of the USM group.