Furthermore, in Clindamycin Phosphate Cachexia the balance between the anabolism and the catabolism of proteins is tipped toward a catabolic state resulting from activated ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy systems that promote protein breakdown, as well as from reduced Akt activity, that decreases protein synthesis. The regulation of muscle differentiation is indeed dependent on the activation of signal transduction cascades with the complex involvement of key kinases, such as the serine/threonine kinase Akt, and previous studies demonstrated that Akt is essential to promote protein synthesis and cell survival and to block protein degradation, All this evidence supports its biological relevance in the context of cachexia. Conversely, no statistically significant correlation was detected for the G-allele of the rs1800796 polymorphism in the IL6 gene, which was associated with increased susceptibility to cachexia and decreased survival time of stage II and III Chinese PDAC patients. These discrepancies could suggest that pharmacogenetic associations are not always reproducible in studies in populations with different ethnic backgrounds, as well as in different taraxasteryl-acetate clinical stages. However, the minor allele frequencies, of approximately 4%, in our cohorts, greatly limited the statistical power for the analysis of this polymorphism. Larger studies with homogeneous settings of patients are essential to investigate the role of emerging biomarkers before planning of prospective trials. PDAC patients have the highest risk of developing cachexia among the gastrointestinal tumors, and it has been shown that cachexia is correlated with poor prognosis, reduced treatment tolerance and a significant reduction in the quality of life of these patients. Cachexia can be caused by a complex interplay of mechanisms including medical problems such as diabetes, tumor stage, and duodenal or common bile duct obstruction, which cause pain, nausea, dysphagia, gastroparesis, pancreatic insufficiency and malabsorption. Recent studies have shown that also neural invasion, which commonly occurs in PDAC, is related to cachexia.