However, it has been reported that EV71 is more likely than CAV16 to cause severe/fatal neurological diseases such as aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. Early and rapid differentiation of enterovirus subtypes may benefit disease management and allow improved prognosis prediction. We found five miRNAs showed significantly higher expression in patients with CVA16 infection compared with those with EV71 infection. One noticeable finding of the present study was that combination of expression levels of three miRNAs provided moderate ability to differentiate between EV71 and CVA16 infections. Li and colleagues reported that a group of serum miRNAs accurately discriminated HBV cases from HCV cases despite identical clinical manifestations of hepatitis for both HBV and HCV infections. While definitive diagnosis depends on organismspecific detection methods, our data suggested that host miRNA prolifes provide a supplemental biomarker for enteroviral differential diagnosis and genotyping at an early stage of infection. An extended study is being designed to enroll additional HFMD patient having a variety of enteroviral subtype infections; additional relevant host miRNA molecules will be investigated. It produces multifarious end metabolites during dairy fermentation, such as lactate, diacetyl, acetoin, vitamins and extracellular exopolysaccharides which contribute to the organoleptic and health-promoting properties of the fermented products. L. Publications Using Abomle BMN 673 lactis has become a model for rational industrial strain improvement because of its relatively small genome, simple metabolism and industrial relevance. Diacetyl is an important aroma compound and essential for the flavor of dairy products. Normally, L. lactis undergoes homolactic fermentation, and most of the central intermediate pyruvate is converted to lactate, a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase with the oxidation of NADH to NAD + for maintaining a redox balance. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of aacetolactate synthase and NADH oxidase are strongly increased. ALS catalyzes the pyruvate to aacetolactate. After decarboxylation, a-acetolactate is further converted to acetoin and diacetyl. The reoxidation of NADH by NOX would replace the role of the LDH in the regeneration of NAD +, allowing the accumulation of these two aroma compounds. However, in the presence of O2, L. lactis displays the metabolic shift from homolactic to mixed-acid product formation, including lactate, Ruxolitinib Abmole Neuropathy of haematopoietic stem cell niche is essential for myeloproliferative neoplasms acetate and CO2. Hence, diacetyl accumulation is rather limited.