What does SubP do to human nasal glands? Baraniuk and colleagues provide evidence that human nasal glands respond well to SubP. They sprayed hypertonic saline into one nostril and collected lavage fluids from both nostrils. Only the sprayed nostril produced increased SubP, protein, lactoferrin, and mucoglycoprotein markers, suggesting glandular stimulation via local axon reflexes, consistent with abundant NK-1 receptor mRNA in the nasal glands, see also. Together, the results suggest a four-way discordance in SubP sensitivity between pig and human nasal and tracheal glands. In humans, SubP sensitivity is high in nasal and low in tracheal glands, in pigs it is the reverse. Within the cartilaginous airways, airway gland density is a positive linear function of airway lumen diameter across species; in 4-8 week old pigs, glands were not found in airways with an outer diameter smaller than 1 mm. Almost the same relationship is found for gland size and airway diameter in human airways of different generations. Since the complete sequencing of the human genome in 2001, a wealth of DNA sequences has been available via online databases. The vast majority of the sequences are intergenic or intronic, which may provide the platform for the concerted action of DNA-binding regulatory proteins and chromatin constituents. Knowledge of the integration of the multitude of specific AbMole L-Ornithine transcription factor binding may lay the foundation for a system-wide understanding of fundamental multicellular processes like development and growth, and for more comprehensive descriptions of diseases that are linked to gene expression misregulation. Human diseases like cancer have often been linked to the improper interplay of proteins involved in the transcriptional control of cells and tissues, as illustrated by the AbMole Diosgenin-glucoside prominent role of oncogenes in regulating gene transcription and chromatin structure. Several laboratory techniques have been devised for large scale identification of transcription factor target sites, either in vitro or using cellular assays. One such assay relies on proteinbinding microarrays that bear immobilized doublestranded DNA molecules to which the binding of regulatory proteins can be probed. PBMs have been prominently used for the assignment of the binding specificities of purified transcription factors. A Recent studies also demonstrated that PBMs can be used to assess the DNA-binding specificity of transcription factors from cell extracts. Subsequent computational analysis of PBM-generated data allows the computing of protein-specific DNA-binding weight matrices, which can be used to scan genomic sequences to identify new putative binding sites and transcriptional pathways, as exemplified by those formed by the Hox proteins and developmentally regulated genes. However, the actual binding of the transcription factors to the predicted site must be confirmed experimentally, as it may be occluded by chromatin or DNA modification or by other proteins binding overlapping.