Occludin has also been suggested to play a key role in the barrier function of the TJPs. Therefore, we focused on these TJPs in this study. We found that hypoxia/OGD resulted in Coptisine-chloride claudin-5, occludin and ZO-1 down-regulation and their linear distribution on the membrane of endothelial cells. Citicoline treatment was effective in restoring their expression and linear distribution in a dose-dependent manner. Our data reveal a novel pharmacological effect of citicoline on endothelial barrier, which could offer a new approach for treating ischemic diseases, although the results from clinical trials are controversy. The mechanism by which citicoline regulates TJPs was not explored in this study and deserves further investigation. Finally, we recognize the potential role of inflammatory cytokines in mediating EC barrier dysfunction. We will include this consideration in our future study in animal models. Overall, the present results demonstrate that citicoline could restore the endothelial barrier function compromised by hypoxia/OGD through its ability to upregulate the expression of TJPs including ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5. Further in vivo studies are needed for the proof of conception. Scale up of interventions to prevent and/or treat malaria such as use of artemisinin-based combination therapy, distribution of insecticide treated bed nets, intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women and indoor residual spraying have reduced malaria prevalence in some endemic settings but this is not uniform across regions. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinins and mosquito resistance to pyrethroids in ITNs have been 14alpha-hydroxy-Sprengerinin-C reported and potentially threaten malaria control. Improved monitoring of the effectiveness of current control strategies and development of new technologies such as malaria vaccines are critical to the continued success of malaria control. The testing of new malaria control tools and the design of future malaria control programs are contingent on understanding the current epidemiology of malaria and disease burden. In many endemic settings efforts to evaluate the impact of interventions on malaria infections has mainly focused on community-based surveys. There is, however, a paucity of high-quality facility-based data on in-patient malaria infections and deaths, and it cannot be assumed that the reduction of malaria at the community level translates into reduced hospital admissions for malaria. In Uganda, inpatient data is not systematically collected or is inadequate and incomplete due to a weak health management information system. This study documented a high prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia, but a low malaria case fatality among hospitalized children in Rakai district, Southwestern Uganda. Over half of the admissions in children under five years were diagnosed with malaria. Despite scale up of malaria prevention and treatment, malaria remains a major cause of hospitalization among children under five years. A similar study in Western Kenya reported a malaria prevalence of 82.5% in hospitalized children. Other recent studies however, have reported declining prevalence of malaria attributed to interventions to prevent and/or treat malaria. Nearly all of the inpatient children under five years were presumptively diagnosed with clinical malaria, yet the lab confirmation showed only 56.4% of these children had malaria parasitemia, suggesting substantial over diagnosis based on clinical presentation. This is consistent with other studies and suggests over diagnosis and inappropriate treatment of malaria. Severely ill children who usually die within a few hours of admission especially before investigations are completed.