Proteins that manipulate apoptosis of host cells and/or inhibit a multitude of host cytokines. The interferonresponse system is targeted in many ways by poxvirus-encoded factors acting before and after IFN production. Usually this involves binding and neutralization of IFN molecules. Poxviruses also target specific enzymes in IFN-dependent pathways, such as protein kinase R. In this prospective multicenter cohort study of 950 elderly patients with acute symptomatic VTE, we found that adherence to five recommended processes of care was variable and partially suboptimal. The adherence rate varied from 86% for treatment with parenteral anticoagulants for at least five days to a mere 35% for continued treatment with LMWH in patients with active cancer. Overall, our findings are consistent with prior studies demonstrating that the use of recommended processes of care and the achievement of treatment goals for patients with VTE leaves room for improvement. If anything, adherence rates were even lower in our elderly populationfor Eleutheroside-E several processes of care than in previous studies enrolling younger patients with VTE. Compared to a retrospective study of U.S. veterans in which oral anticoagulation was initiated on the first treatment day in 64% of cases, we found a substantially lower rate in our study sample. In a prospective study of Canadian outpatients with VTE, 60% of patients with cancer-related VTE received LMWH monotherapy compared to 35% in our study. While the proportion of patients who had parenteral anticoagulation continued until an INR value $2.0 for 24 hours was 37% only in our sample, this target was achieved in about 50% of patients in younger patients. Our results demonstrating a low adherence rate to anticoagulation-related processes of care in elderly patients are consistent with prior evidence showing that the rate of anticoagulation is low in hospitalized elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Elderly, multimorbid Nafcillin Sodium medical inpatients have also a low rate of venous thromboprophylaxis. It remains unclear whether the low adherence rate is due to lack of physicians’ knowledge, physicians’ fear to induce bleeding, the presence of comorbid conditions that are not compatible with guideline adherence, or patient preferences. For instance, elderly patients with cancer who develop VTE are more likely to have severe renal failure and therefore, may not be candidates for extended LMWH treatment. Similarly, although LMWHs seem to be acceptable to patients with cancer, many elderly patients may prefer to receive oral anticoagulants rather than daily injections with LMWH. One study found that 30% of physicians did not believe it is necessary to have a therapeutic INR for $2 days before discontinuing heparin. Prior evidence about the effect of age on VTE-related anticoagulation practices is limited. While age did not influence the duration of anticoagulant therapy in one study, older patients were more likely to have continuation of parenteral anticoagulation until INR was $2 for 24 hours in another study. In an Italian registry, compression stockings were 1.6 times more likely to be prescribed in patients aged 40�C60 years than in patients aged.80 years. To our knowledge, there are no studies examining the effectiveness of interventions to improve anticoagulation-related processes of care for established VTE. Although evidence from studies on VTE prophylaxis suggests that active, multifaceted strategies.