This result is in agreement with findings that auxin inducible DR5:GUS reporter gene cannot be induced by Benzethonium Chloride melatonin and the function of melatonin is independent of auxin. While the majority of auxin-responsive genes were downregulated in response to 1 mM melatonin, most genes on ABA, SA, JA and ET pathways were up-regulated. On the ABA pathway, 36 out of 50 genes were up-regulated, 70 out of 92 were up-regulated on the SA pathway, 53 out of 67 were upregulated on the JA pathway, and 32 out of 42 were up-regulated on the ET pathway. As expected, some of these genes are induced by multi-hormone signals confirming important roles of crosstalk among hormones in plant defense systems. Many of the SA, JA, ABA and ET responsive genes induced by melatonin are also induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Consistent with the changes in Pimozide upstream gene expression levels, many downstream stress-associated genes were also affected, as shown in Table S6. These results further confirm the critical roles of melatonin in defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In conclusion, we report here the first comprehensive analysis of the effect of melatonin on genome-wide gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings using RNA-seq technology. Given that Arabidopsis is an established plant model species and forward and reverse genetics methodologies are readily available, these datasets will provide fundamental information and serve as new tools to genetically dissect melatonin-mediated pathway either common to both plants and animals, or unique to plants. Our transcriptome analysis reveals broader roles of melatonin in regulating plant growth and development. However, more importantly, melatonin may play critical role in plant defense systems. Out of nearly 900 genes that were significantly up- or down- regulated by melatonin with at least 2 fold changes, almost 40% of the genes were related to plant stress defense, including many stress receptors, kinases, and transcription factors, as well as downstream genes encoding end products that were directly used for stress defense. Furthermore, the expression of many genes involved in different hormone signaling pathways such as auxin, ABA, SA, ET and JA, and linked to plant stress defense, was also altered in response to melatonin treatment. Concurrently, expression of many cell wall associated genes, and genes involved in redox pathways, particularly peroxidases were significantly changed by melatonin treatments. Taken together, our results suggest that melatonin plays a critical role in plant defense against environmental stresses, including both biotic and abiotic stresses. Further dissection of the melatonin mediated pathway may lead to the development of novel strategies for crop improvement in the face of ubiquitous environmental stresses. The above observations suggest that SINV-3 and APV may have a capsid protein domain structure similar to caliciviruses, with capsid proteins containing a single picorna-like jelly-roll domain to which is attached an additional domain that form protrusions outside of the virion shell. Indeed electron micrographs revealed apparent protrusions on SINV-3 virions. The SDS-PAGE of purified virion proteins, Western analysis, and mass spectrometry described above indicate that the SINV-3 ORF2-encoded polypeptide is cleaved midway. Due to frameshift expression, the N-terminal half is fused to the VP1 jellyroll domain to produce the VP1-FSD protein.