Similarly, we’ve shown in a previous study that local delivery FTY720 to a mandibular defect promotes recruitment of alternatively-activated, pro-regenerative “M2” macrophages 3 weeks post-injury. It is possible that local delivery of FTY720 in a cranial defect also harnesses local Tubulin Acetylation Inducer inflammation in a similar manner to promote bone formation, though these effects may manifest at earlier time points than the ones investigated here. In this study, we looked at CD45+ cells in the defect area 9 weeks post-injury, and observed a decrease in CD45+ cells with FTY720 treatment, suggesting an attenuation of any persisting inflammation at the defect site. Further studies at earlier time points are required to determine the shorter-term role of FTY720 on inflammation in regenerating bone. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder that affects about 2–8% of all pregnancies around the globe. According to the WHO preeclampsia remains a major reason for mortality and morbidity of mothers, fetuses and neonates. According to Redman et al. 2008, the disorder comprises new-onset hypertension coupled with damage to the kidney and occasionally to the liver and to the cardiovascular system. Although the etiology of PE is still unclear, it is attributed to multi-factorial causes associated with impaired placentation. Recent studies have indicated that one of the major causes of placental pathology underlying preeclampsia is the non-homogeneous expansion of the utero-placental vasculature, causing irregular and pulsating blood supply to the placenta, associated with villous disruption and damage that is further exacerbated by the increased impedance of blood flow and the impact of various maternal and placental derived polypeptides and small molecules. Among these factors is Placental Protein 13. A meta-analysis by Huppertz et al. 2013 that was based on 18 studies revealed that low levels of this protein are associated with an increased risk to develop preeclampsia. PP13 was initially isolated by Bohn et al. 1983, who further harvested and purified 56 placental proteins from human placenta at delivery. While the role of many of these proteins was subsequently revealed, the role of PP13, which is specific to the placenta, is still not fully understood. A full length PP13 cDNA was sequenced, and the sequence of its full length coding protein has been described by Than et al. 1999, 2004 and by Burger et al. 2004. Molecular modeling and protein analysis by Visegrady et al. 2001 have shown that PP13 mainly appears as a homodimer of 36 kDa.