The binding affinities of Hp for free hemoglobin and of the Hp-Hb complex for CD163 vary by phenotype. Hp22 has been associated with evidence of increased oxidant stress and iron delocalisation, as well as an increased risk of malaria-associated anemia. More specifically, we hypothesize that muscle energy capacity is communicated to the brain to modulate physical activity levels. Moreover, we suspect that this muscle energetic capacity may come at the price of decreased metabolic efficiency and potentially decreased economy of activity as well. In other words, having high endurance capacity is decidedly un-thrifty. During evolution, food scarcity was only one of several challenges to survival and reproduction. It is entirely conceivable that individuals with high running endurance would have a selective advantage and, as our data suggest, these same individuals would have traits favoring resistance to obesity. Our results therefore imply that leanness and high physical activity levels may have resulted as a byproduct during natural selection of high capacity for running endurance. Paradoxically, exploring the mechanisms interconnecting endurance and leanness may be the key to combating obesity. The results of the calculated ON incidence indicated that EF was a potential phytotherapeutic agent for reducing risk of steroidassociated ON in a dose-dependent manner, which also provided experimental explanation for the previous clinical findings that ON prevalence was lower in patients recovered from SARS frequently prescribed with crude extract of Epimedium during their rehabilitation in southern China than those seldom prescribed with crude extract of Epimedium in northern China. Significantly, the organism attains competitive edge not by inhibiting the competitor, but by increasing its own metabolic function, such that it rapidly utilises the available BI-D1870 501437-28-1 carbon source and multiply in number. On the other hand, no significant difference in the ON Extent among all the groups suggested a threshold beyond which development of ON lesion was initiated, which was consistent with the findings reported in our published study and by other’s experimental study. It also indicated that once the threshold was reached, the prevention with EF had little effect on development of ON. Vascular toxicity, e.g. organ bleeding, is a major concern on administration of a combination of an anticoagulant and a lipidlowering agent in prevention of steroid-induced ON development even though such pharmaceutical combination strategy was experimentally confirmed for their efficacy. Mitochondria have long been implicated in the aging process. The electron transport chain, embedded within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, is the major producer of reactive oxygen species, which are presumed to be the primary agent for cell damage and premature apoptosis, affecting aging and longevity.